Lecture: AI in Psychotherapy: A Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) Perspective
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The recent explosion in advanced AI has led to the inevitable consideration of its role in psychological therapies, and mental health research in general. I will propose that integration of AI into psychotherapy requires a simple, practical, theoretical framework that unites disciplines of mathematics, engineering, computing, human-machine interaction, psychology, psychiatry, neuroscience, sociology, and the arts and humanities. Arguably, PCT is uniquely placed to serve this role. According to PCT, chronic, unresolved, psychological distress is a pervasive loss of control of key psychological and physiological variables. Restoration of control is established by providing access to fundamental biological and social resources ('dynamic catalysts for recovery'), and providing a safe environment for the exploration of chronic internal conflicts, held in conscious awareness until a higher level perspective, akin to a new 'gestalt' emerges, from which the issues with the conflict can be resolved. Given these assumptions, AI can provide a universal, scalable contribution to mental health recovery in a number of ways.
Including: (1) algorithms or 'digital twins' that help people find and select from a manageable and appropriate choice of resources that match their mental health needs; (2) client-led conversing with AI agents to express and explore problems, and identify and process conflicts; (3) structuring of client-controlled, sustained exposure to previously avoided or restricted perceptions, emotions, agents or scenarios, often drawing upon recording and display technologies.
I will describe examples of each of these initiatives within our research. Notably, our work has the capacity to leverage machine learning and large language models, but it is philosophically and practically opposite to the 'search for answers and human-like relationships' that appears to dominate the current use of AI; instead we strive to use AI to scaffold autonomous personal growth, creativity, responsibility, human-human connectedness and synchrony, entrainment with the natural environment, and self-discovery.