A Virada Relacional em Gestalt-terapia:
da “Cadeira Vazia” para a “Dança da Reciprocidade” no Campo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15546861Palavras-chave:
Gestalt-terapia, Valores humanísticos, Virada relacional, Sociedade e psicoterapia, Fenomenologia e estéticaResumo
O foco deste artigo é a prática clínica. Descreve o desenvolvimento dos valores da Gestalt-terapia desde o fundamento das abordagens humanísticas até a virada relacional que afetou todos os métodos desde os anos 80. Conexões entre estes valores e o desenvolvimento das necessidades da sociedade assim como o sofrimento clínico são apresentados. A autora demonstra a necessidade contemporânea de abordar a experiência de fundo (ground)[1] dos pacientes, a fim de ser eficaz com novas formas de sofrimento psicopatológico. São descritas três mudanças básicas necessárias para a prática clínica: trabalhar o fundo (ground), usar o Conhecimento Estético Relacional e referir-se ao paradigma da reciprocidade. São oferecidos exemplos clínicos.
Referências
ABORAYA, A., RANKIN, E., FRANCE, C., EL-MISSIRY, A. & JOHN, C. (2006). The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis Revisited: The Clinician’s Guide to Improve the Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis. Psychiatry, 3(1), pp. 41-50.
ATWOOD, G. & STOLOROW, R. (1993). Faces in a Cloud: Intersubjectivity in Personality Theory (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
BEEBE, B. & LACHMANN, F.M. (2001). Infant Research and Adult Treatment: A dyadic systems approach. Hillsdale, NY: The Analytic Press.
BLOOM, D. (2003). “Tiger! Tiger! Burning Bright” – Aesthetic Values as Clinical Values in Gestalt Therapy. In: M. Spagnuolo Lobb & N. Amendt-Lyon (Eds.). Creative License: The Art of Gestalt Therapy, (pp. 63-78). New York: Springer.
BLOOM, D. (2011). One Good Turn Deserves Another… and another… and another: Personal Reflections on Relational Approaches to Gestalt Therapy. Gestalt Review, 15, 3, pp. 296-311. DOI: 10.5325/gestaltreview.15.3.0296
BLOOM D. (2016). The Relational Function of Self: Self function in in the most human plane. Em: J-M. Robine (Ed.), Self, A Polyphony of Contemporary Gestalt Therapists. Bordeaux: L’Exprimerie.
BOSCO, F. (2014). Translating Somatic Experiencing® and Gestalt Therapy for Trauma Resolution into Music Therapy Practice with Adults. Em: D. Bloom & B. O’Neill (Eds.), The New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy in the 21st Century: An Anthology of Published Writings Since 2000. Queensland, Australia: Ravenwood Press.
BROWNELL, P. (2018). Gestalt psychotherapy and coaching for relationships. New York: Routledge/ Taylor & Francis Group.
BROWNELL, P. (Ed.) (2019). Handbook for Theory, Research and Practice in Gestalt Therapy. (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
CHURCHILL, S. D. (2018). Explorations in teaching the phenomenological method: Challenging psychology students to “grasp at meaning” in human science research. Qualitative Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 207-227. DOI: 10.1037/qup0000116
CLEMMENS, M. (2019). Embodied Relational Gestalt: Theories and Applications. New York: Gestalt Press.
DAMASIO, A. (2010). Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. New York: Pantheon/ Vintage.
FLÜCKIGER C., DEL RE, A. C., WAMPOLD, B. E., ZNOJ H., CASPAR F. & JÖRG U. (2012). Valuing clients’ perspective and the effects on the therapeutic alliance: a randomized controlled study of an adjunctive instruction. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 59, 1, pp. 18-26.
FRANCESETTI G., GECELE, M. & ROUBAL, J. (2013). Gestalt Therapy Approach to Psychopathology. In: G. Francesetti, M. Gecele & J. Roubal (Eds.). Gestalt Therapy in Clinical Practice: From Psychopathology to the Aesthetics of Contact, (pp. 59-75). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
FRANCESETTI, G. (2015). From Individual Symptoms to Psychopathological Fields. Toward a Field Perspective on Clinical Human Suffering. British Gestalt Journal, 24, 1, pp. 5-19.
FRANK, R. (2001). Body of Awareness: A somatic and developmental approach to psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Gestalt Press.
FRANK R. (2016). Moving Experience: Kinaesthetic Resonance as Relational Feel. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb, N. Levi & A. Williams (Eds.). Gestalt Therapy with Children: From Epistemology to Clinical Practice, (pp. 87-99). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
FOGARTY, M., BHAR, S., THEILER S. & O’SHEA, L. (2016). What do Gestalt therapists do in the clinic? The expert consensus. British Gestalt Journal, 25, 1, pp. 32-41.
GALLESE, V. (2009). Mirror Neurons, Embodied Simulation, and the Neural Basis of Social Identification. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 19, pp. 519-536.
HERRERA SALINAS, P., MSTIBOVSKYI, I., ROUBAL, J. & BROWNELL, P. (2019). Researching Gestalt Therapy for Anxiety in Practice-Based Settings: A Single-Case Experimental Design. Psychotherapie-Wissenschaft, 9, 2, pp. 53-67. DOI: 10.30820/1664-9583-2019-2-53b
JACOBS, L. (2018). Comment to My Other’s Keeper: Resources for the Ethical Turn in Psychotherapy, by Donna M. Orange. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb, D. Bloom, J. Roubal, J. Zeleskov Djoric, M. Cannavò, R. La Rosa, S. Tosi & V. Pinna (Eds.). The Aesthetic of Otherness: Meeting at the boundary in a desensitized world: Proceedings, (pp. 37-40). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
JACOBS, L. & HYCNER, R. (Eds.) (2009). Relational Approaches in Gestalt Therapy. New York: Gestalt Press Book.
KEPNER, J. (1995). Healing Tasks: Psychotherapy with Adult Survivors of Childhood Abuse. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
KEPNER, J. (2002). Energy and the Nervous System in Embodied Experience. www.pathwaysforhealing. com/pdfs/Phenom%20of%20NS.pdf
KEPNER, J. (2003). The Embodied Field. British Gestalt Journal, 12, 1, pp. 6-14.
LEVINAS, E. (1946). Time and the Other. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
LICHTENBERG, P. (1990). Undoing the Clinch of Oppression. American University Studies.
LYOTARD, J-F. (1979). La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Minuit.
MACALUSO, M. A. (2020). Deliberateness and spontaneity in Gestalt therapy practice. British Gestalt Journal, 29, 1, pp. 30-36.
MELNICK, J. (2019). Gestalt Approach to Working with Organisations. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb & F. Meulmeester (Eds.). Gestalt Approaches with Organisations, (pp. 51-66). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
MILITELLO, R. & MALACREA, M. (2011). Il trauma dell’abuso e il delicato processo della riparazione: come ridare voce e corpo al bambino violato [The trauma of abuse and the delicate process of reparation: how to give voice and body to the violated child]. Quaderni di Gestalt, XXIV, 1, pp. 11-21. DOI: 10.3280/GEST2011-001002
MITCHELL, S. (2000). Relationality: From attachment to intersubjectivity, New York: Analytic Press.
NEVIS, E. C. (1997). Organizational Consulting: A Gestalt Approach. Hove, UK: Routledge.
ORANGE, D. M. (2018). My Other’s Keeper: Resources for the Ethical Turn in Psychotherapy. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb, D. Bloom, J. Roubal, J. Zeleskov Djoric, M. Cannavò, R. La Rosa, S. Tosi & V. Pinna (Eds.). The Aesthetic of Otherness: meeting at the boundary in a desensitized world, Proceedings, (pp. 19- 32). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
ORANGE, D. M., ATWOOD, G. & STOLOROW, R. (1997). Working Intersubjectively: Contextualism in Psychoanalytic Practice. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
PANKSEPP, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
PARLETT, M. (2015). Future Sense: Five Explorations of Whole Intelligence for a World That’s Waking Up. Leicester: Troubador Publishing.
PERLS, L. (1992). Living at the Boundary. New York: Gestalt Therapy Press.
PERLS, F., HEFFERLINE, R. & GOODMAN, P. (1994, 1951). Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality. New York: Julian Press.
PHILIPPSON, P. (2001). Self in Relation. Highland, NY: Gestalt Journal Press.
PHILIPPSON, P. (2017). Three levels of training. British Gestalt Journal, 26, 1, pp. 3-6.
PHILIPPSON, P. (2013). Comment to Gestalt Therapy Approach to Psychopathology, by Gianni Francesetti, Michela Gecele and Jan Roubal. Em: G. Francesetti, M. Gecele & J. Roubal (Eds.) (2013). Gestalt Therapy in Clinical Practice. From Psychopathology to the Aesthetics of Contact, (pp. 76-78). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
POLSTER, E. (1987). Every person’s life is worth a novel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
PORGES, S. W. (2007). The Polyvagal Perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 2, pp. 116-143. DOI:10.1016/ j.biopsycho.2006.06.009
PORGES, S. W. (2009). The Polyvagal Theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine, 76 (Supp. 2), pp. 86-90.
RIZZOLATTI, G., FADIGA, L., GALLESE, V. & FOGASSI, L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, pp. 131-141. DOI: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0
ROBINE J-M. (2001). From field to situation. In: J-M. Robine (Ed.). Contact and Relationship in a Field Perspective, (pp. 95-107). Bordeaux: L’Exprimerie.
ROBINE, J-M. (2015). Social Change Begins with Two. Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (ww.gestaltitaly.com).
ROSSI, S. (2017). La Pulsazione del Campo: Dalla Gestalt therapy alla Field Therapy [The Pulsation of the Field: From Gestalt Therapy to Field Therapy]. Pisa: ETS.
ROUBAL, J. (Ed.). Towards a Research Tradition in Gestalt Therapy. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
ROUBAL, J., GECELE, M. & FRANCESETTI, G. (2013). Gestalt Therapy Approach to Diagnosis. In: G. Francesetti, M. Gecele & J. Roubal (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy in Clinical Practice: From Psychopathology to the Aesthetics of Contact, (pp. 79-108). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
RUBINO, V. & SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2014). Autoregolazione, intenzionalità e co-creazione del confine di contatto come antidoto alle esperienze dissociative. La proposta della psicoterapia della Gestalt [Self-regulation, intentionality and co-creation of the contact boundary as an antidote to dissociative experiences: The Gestalt Therapy Proposal]. Idee in Psicoterapia, VII, 1, pp. 77-86.
SCHULTHESS, P., TSCHUSCHKE, V., KOEMEDA-LUTZ, M., VON WYL, A. & CRAMERI, A. (2016). Comparative Naturalistic Study on Outpatient Psychotherapeutic Treatments including Gestalt Therapy. In: J. Roubal (Ed.), Towards a Research Tradition in Gestalt Therapy, (pp. 335-355). Cambridge: Scholars Publishing.
SEIKKULA, J., KARVONEN, A., KYKYRI, V.-L., KAARTINEN, J. & PENTTONEN, M. (2015). The Embodied Attunement of Therapists and a Couple within Dialogical Psychotherapy: An Introduction to the Relational Mind Research Project. Family Process, 54: 703-715. DOI: 10.1111/famp.12152
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2001). From the epistemology of self to clinical specificity of Gestalt therapy. In: J.-M. Robine (Ed.), Contact and relationship in a field perspective, (pp. 49-65). Bordeaux: L’Exprimerie.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2012). Toward a Developmental Perspective in Gestalt Therapy Theory and Practice: The Polyphonic Development of Domains. Gestalt Review, 16 (3): 222-244. DOI: 10.5325/ gestaltreview.16.3.0222
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2013a). The Now-for-Next in Psychotherapy. Gestalt Therapy Recounted in Post-Modern Society. Siracusa (Italy): Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2013b). Borderline: The Wound of the Boundary. In: G. Francesetti, M. Gecele & J. Roubal (Eds.). Gestalt Therapy in Clinical Practice. From Psychopathology to the Aesthetics of Contact, (p. 617-650). Siracusa (Italy): Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2013c). From the need for aggression to the need for rootedness: a Gestalt postmodern clinical and social perspective on conflict. British Gestalt Journal, 22, 2, 32-39.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2013d). Human Rights and Social Responsibility in Gestalt Therapy Training. Em: G. Klaren, N. Levi & I. Vidakovic, Yes we care! Social, political and cultural relationships as therapy’s ground: a Gestalt perspective, (pp. 71-83). The Netherlands: European Association for Gestalt Therapy.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2015). Gestalt Therapy Perspective on Depressive Experiences: An Introduction. Em: G. Francesetti (Ed.), Absence is the Bridge Between Us. Gestalt Therapy Perspective on Depressive Experiences, (pp. 35-63). Siracusa, Italy: Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2016a). Psychotherapy in Post Modern Society. Gestalt Today Malta, 1, 1, 97-113.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2016b). Self as contact, contact as self. A contribution to ground experience in Gestalt Therapy theory of self. Em: J. M. Robine (Ed.). Self. A Poliphony of Contemporary Gestalt Therapists, (261-289). St. Romain la Virvée (France): L’Exprimerie.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2016c). Gestalt Therapy with Children: Supporting the Polyphonic Development of Domains in a Field of Contacts. In: M. Spagnuolo Lobb, N. Levi & A. Williams (Eds.). Gestalt Therapy with Children: From Epistemology to Clinical Practice, (25-62). Siracusa (Italy): Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2017a). From losses of ego functions to the dance steps between psychotherapist and client: Phenomenology and aesthetics of contact in the psychotherapeutic field. British Gestalt Journal, 26, 1: 28-37.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2017b). Phenomenology and aesthetic recognition of the dance between psychotherapist and client: a clinical example. British Gestalt Journal, 26, 2: 50-56.
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2018a). Aesthetic Relational Knowledge of the Field: A Revised Concept of Awareness in Gestalt Therapy and Contemporary Psychiatry. Gestalt Review, 22, 1, 50-68. DOI: 10.5325/gestalt review.22.1.0050
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2018b). Comment to “My Other’s Keeper: Resources for the Ethical Turn in Psychotherapy”, by Donna M. Orange. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb, D. Bloom, J. Roubal, J. Zeleskov Djoric, M. Cannavò, R. La Rosa, S. Tosi & V. Pinna (Eds.) The Aesthetic of Otherness: Meeting at the boundary in a desensitized world: Proceedings, (pp. 41-44). Siracusa (Italy): Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. (www.gestaltitaly.com).
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. (2019). The Paradigm of Reciprocity: How to Radically Respect Spontaneity in Clinical Practice. Gestalt Review, 23, 3: 234-254. DOI: 10.5325/gestaltreview.23.3.0232
SPAGNUOLO LOBB, M. & LICHTENBERG P. (2005). Classica Gestalt Therapy Theory. In: A. L. Woldt & S. M. Toman, Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice, (pp. 21-40). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
SPECTOR T. (2013). Identically Different: Why You Can Change Your Genes. New York: Overlook Press.
STEMBERGER G. (2018). “Wie hätte sich die Gestalttherapie wohl auf gestalttheoretischer Grundlage entwickelt?” – Zu Leben und Werk von Georges Wollants (1941-2018) [What kind of Gestalt therapy would have been developed on the basis of the Gestalt theory of the Berlin School? – On Life and Work of Georges Wollants (1941-2018)]. Phänomenal – Zeitschrift für Gestalttheoretische Psychotherapie, 10 (2), 33-39.
STERN, D. N. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.
STERN, D. N. (2004). The Present Moment in Psychotherapy and Everyday Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
STERN, D. N. (2010). Forms of Vitality. Exploring Dynamic Experience in Psychology and the Arts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
STERN, D. N., BRUSCHWEILER-STERN N., HARRISON A., LYONS-RUTH K., MORGAN A., NAHUM J., SANDER L. & TRONICK E. (1998). Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy: The “something more” than interpretation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 79, 903-921.
STERN D. N., BRUSCHWEILER-STERN N., HARRISON A., LYONS-RUTH K., MORGAN A., NAHUM J., SANDER L. & TRONICK E. (2003). On the Other Side of the Moon: The Import of Implicit Knowledge for Gestalt Therapy. Em: M. Spagnuolo Lobb & N. Amendt-Lyon (Eds.). Creative License: The Art of Gestalt Therapy, (pp. 21-35). Vienna & New York: Springer.
TAYLOR, M. (2014). Trauma Therapy and Clinical Practice: Neuroscience, Gestalt and the Body. London: Open University Press, McGraw Hill TRONICK, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44, 112-119
TSCHACHER W., REES G. M. & RAMSEYER F. (2014). Non-verbal synchrony and affect in dyadic interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1323. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01323
TSCHACHER, W., HAKEN, H. & KYSELO, M. (2015). Alliance: A common factor of psychotherapy modelled by structural theory. Frontiers in Psychology for Clinical Settings, 6, 421. DOI: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2015.00421
TSCHACHER, W. & PFAMMATTER, M. (2016). Embodiment in psychotherapy – A necessary complement to the canon of common factors? European Psychotherapy, 13, 9-25.
VAN DER KOLK, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Mind, Brain and Body in the Transformation of Trauma. New York: Viking Penguin
WHEELER, G. (2000). Beyond Individualism: Toward a New Understanding of Self, Relationship, and Experience. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
WOLLANTS, G. (2012). Gestalt Therapy: Therapy of the Situation. London: Sage Publications.
YONTEF, G. M. (1993). Awareness, Dialogue and Process. Essays on Gestalt Therapy. Highland, NY: The Gestalt Journal Press.
YONTEF, G. M. (2001). Relational Gestalt Therapy. Em: J. M. Robine (Ed), Contact and Relationship in a Field Perspective, (pp. 79-94). Bordeaux: L’Exprimerie.
YONTEF, G. M. (2005). Gestalt Therapy Theory of Change. Em: A. L. Woldt & S. M. Toman (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory and Practice, (pp. 81-100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Margherita Spanguolo Lobb
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Você tem o direito de:
- Compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato
- O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
-
Atribuição — Você deve atribuir o devido crédito, fornecer um link para a licença, e indicar se foram feitas alterações. Você pode fazê-lo de qualquer forma razoável, mas não de uma forma que sugira que o licenciante o apoia ou aprova o seu uso.
-
NãoComercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
-
SemDerivações — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir domaterial, não pode distribuir o material modificado.
- Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
Avisos:
- Não tem de cumprir com os termos da licença relativamente a elementos do material que estejam no domínio público ou cuja utilização seja permitida por uma exceção ou limitação que seja aplicável.
- Não são dadas quaisquer garantias. A licença pode não lhe dar todas as autorizações necessárias para o uso pretendido. Por exemplo, outros direitos, tais como direitos de imagem, de privacidade ou direitos morais, podem limitar o uso do material.
